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Thiscontemporary French medaille has been minted to commemorate the gold coin ofthe Celtic tribe, ARVERNI, II - I century BC.
This medalhas been designed minted in 125 pieces.
This one hasthe number 3/125 on the rim.
The Celts (/ˈkɛlts/, occasionally /ˈsɛlts/, see pronunciation of Celtic) werepeople in Iron Age and Medieval Europe whospoke Celticlanguages and had cultural similarities, although the relationshipbetween ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remainsuncertain and controversial. The exact geographic spread of the ancient Celtsis also disputed; in particular, the ways in which the Iron Age inhabitants ofGreat Britain and Ireland should be regarded as Celts has become a subject ofcontroversy.
diameter– 130 mm, (ca 5⅛”)
weight– 1275 gr, (45 oz)
metal– bronze, mint patina
Arverni (Arverni in Latin) is one of 54 Gallic tribes present inGaul from the seventh to the first century BC. J.-C. . Ils vivaient dans la région Auvergne et lui ont légué leur nom. AD. They lived in the region Auvergne and bequeathedtheir name.
Du fait de leursressources en or, argent, bronze et de leur maîtrise de la métallurgie, et delartisanat, les Arvernes, peuple celte ou celtisé du Massif central , sont parmi les plus riches et les plus nombreux desGaulois, avec au moins quatre oppidums dominant la plaine. Because of their gold resources, silver, bronze andtheir mastery of the metallurgy and handicrafts, the Arverni, Celtic or celtisé people of the Massif Central, are among the richest and most numerous of the Gauls,with at oppidums least four dominating the plain.
Ils ont formé unepuissante confédération avec plusieurs peuples voisins qui étaient clients outributaires. They formed apowerful confederation with several neighboring peoples who were customers ortributaries.
Lun des 6 peuplesbattant monnaie et carrefour des échanges est-ouest et nord-sud, les Arvernesoffrent leur protection à plusieurs peuples alentour et sont réputés pour leurschevaux rapides et leur cavalerie, daprès Jules César dans son ouvrage dhistoire Commentaires sur laGuerre des Gaules . Vercingétorix rassemble dans la plus grande alliance gauloise delépoque quelque 30 peuples gaulois contre le général Jules César en 53 av. One of sixpeople beating currency and the crossroads of East-West trade and north-south,the Arverni offer protection to many surrounding peoples and are known fortheir fast horses and cavalry, from Julius Caesar in hisbook of History Comments on the Gallic Wars. Vercingetorix brings in thelargest alliance of the Gallic era some 30 Gallic peoples against General Julius Caesar in 53 BC. J.-C. Il en est le chef, et réclame, en gagedallégeance, des otages, fils des chefs des autres peuples gaulois, poursassurer de leur loyauté. BC He is the head,and calls in Pledge of Allegiance, hostages, son of the leaders of the otherGallic peoples, to ensure their loyalty.
La victoire deVercingétorix lors du siège de Gergovie permet aux troupes Arvernes et alliées de poursuivre lesRomains vers le nord. The victoryof Vercingetorix at the siege of Gergovie allows Arvernes and allied troops to pursue the Romans to thenorth. Mais les alliancesgauloises de Jules César , déjà vainqueur des peuples gaulois Helvètes et Belges(58 à 52 av. J.-C.) puis lapport de cavaliers Germains contribuent à isoler Vercingétorix. But the Gallic alliance of Julius Caesar, alreadywinner of the Gauls and Belgians Helvètes (58-52 BC.) And input from riders Germans contribute to isolate Vercingetorix.
Le siège dAlésia , où Vercingétorix a du se retrancher en 52 av. The siege of Alesia whereVercingetorix had to take refuge in 52 BC. J.-C., est la plus grande bataille de la guerre desGaules, où saffrontent un grand nombre de soldats (on a avancé le chiffre de600 000, peu vraisemblable pour les ressources humaines et alimentaireslépoque - à titre de comparaison la bataille dAusterlitz a engagé 150 000hommes). AD is the biggest battle of the GallicWar, when many soldiers clash (we put the figure at 600 000, unlikely for humanfood resources and the time - as comparing the battle of Austerlitz hired150,000 men). Vercingétorix disposait entout cas de plusieurs dizaines des milliers de combattants (mais le chiffre de450 000 est avancé) et attendait des renforts des peuples gaulois soulevés, enparticulier de larc atlantique et de louest.Vercingetorix had anyway tens of thousands of fighters (but the figure of 450000 is advanced) and waited for reinforcements of Gauls raised, particularlythe Atlantic Arc and the west. Ceux-ci,arrivant trois mois trop tard, laissent aux légionnaires de Jules César , eux aussi quelques dizaines de milliers probablement,le temps de construire 14 lignes de défense et des pièges mortels autourdAlesia (les chiffres de 50 000 légionnaires romains et de 120 000 alliésgaulois et mercenaires sont avancés). These,coming three months too late, let the legionaries of Julius Caesar, too fewtens of thousands likely time to build 14 lines of defense and deadly trapsaround Alesia (the figures of 50,000 Roman legionnaires and 120,000 of Gallicmercenaries and allies are advanced).
La bataille dureprès de deux mois : Vercingétorix et les chefs de louest manquent à quatrereprises de faire jonction, après avoir traversé les 14 lignes de pièges etfortins et laissé des milliers de morts sur le terrain.The battle lasted nearly two months Vercingetorix and heads west missing four times to junction, aftercrossing the 14 lines of traps and bunkers and left thousands dead on theground. Après le retrait des tribusgauloises de louest, Vercingétorix décide de sauver les 60 000 survivantsdAlesia en se livrant à Jules César , en échange de la vie et de la liberté de ces hommes,femmes et enfants. After removal ofthe Gaulish tribes from the west, Vercingetorix decided to save the 60,000survivors of Alesia by engaging in Julius Caesar inexchange for the lives and freedom of these men, women and children.
Toujours selon desdécomptes issus des sources romaines, mais probablement très exagérés, prèsdun million de Gaulois tombent dans les guerres des Gaules et plus dunmillion sont réduits en esclavage, enrichissant considérablement Rome. Always according to statements from the Roman sources,but probably very exaggerated, almost a million Gauls fall into the Gallic warsand over a million are enslaved, greatly enriching Rome. Les historiens pensent que les Gaules nourrissaient àlépoque au maximum 6 à 10 millions dhabitants, dont environ 400 000 Arvernesagriculteurs, céramistes, métallurgistes, éleveurs, guerriers et aristocrates,dont Vercingétorix, Luernos et Bituitos.Historians believe that the Gauls ate back then than 6 to 10 million people,including about 400,000 Arvernes farmers, potters, metal workers, farmers,warriors and aristocrats, including Vercingetorix,and Luernos Bituitos.
Parmi ces chefs, Epasnactos ainsi que Gobannitio , le propre oncle de Vercingétorix, se sont ralliés à ladomination romaine et ont refusé de se joindre à ce dernier, ce qui augmente ledoute sur les chiffres cités.Among theseleaders, Epasnactos and Gobannitio, clean uncleVercingetorix rallied to Roman rule and refused to join the latter, increasingdoubt on the figures quoted.
Les Arvernes ontcréé et développé plusieurs capitales successives, toutes placées dans laplaine de la Limagne , à proximité de l Allier . The Arverni havecreated and developed several successive capitals, all placed in the plain of Limagne, close to the Allier.
La premièrecapitale des Arvernes est une vaste agglomération (au moins 35 000 habitants)bâtie vers 300 av.The first capitalof the Arverni is a large urban area (at least 35 000 inhabitants) built around300 BC. J.-C., située à Aulnat . AD located at Aulnat. Elle est remplacée à la findu II e siècle av.It is replaced century BC to the late second. J.-C. parl oppidum de Corent . AD by the oppidum of Corent. Il est aussi probable que la capitale des Arvernes aitété pendant quelques décennies l oppidum de Gergovie , à louest de Clermont-Ferrand, où serait néVercingétorix. It is also likelythat the capital of the Arverni was for several decades the oppidum Gergovie, west of Clermont-Ferrand, where Vercingetorix was born.
Nemossos est uneautre ville Arverne, batie sur une caldeira volcanique, qui sera qualifiée par le géographe Strabon , au début du I ersiècle av.Nemossos is another city Arverne,built on a caldera volcano, which isdescribed by the geographer Strabo in the early first century BC. J.-C. , de « métropole »des Arvernes. AD, the "metropolis" ofthe Arverni.
À la suite de lavictoire de Jules César à Alesia, cette ville devient Nemetum , avantdêtre renommée Augustonemetum en lhonneur de lempereur Auguste : preuve de sonimportance stratégique à lépoque gallo-romaine.Following the victory of Julius Caesar at Alesia,this city becomes Nemetum before being renamed Augustonemetum in honor of Emperor Augustus: evidence of its strategicimportance in the Gallo-Roman era. Cestlorigine de la future agglomération de Clermont-Ferrand , où de nombreuses villas Gallo-Romaines ont ététrouvées et où les fouilles se poursuivent. This is the origin of the future agglomeration of Clermont-Ferrand, where many Gallo-Roman villas were found and whereexcavations are continuing.
Les fouillesactuellement menées sur les différents sites arvernes ont permis desdécouvertes exceptionnelles récentes : Theexcavations being conducted on various sites have allowed arvernes recentexceptional discoveries:
- sépultures collectives de chevaux et de cavaliers liées à la guerre de -52 ; collective graves of horses and riders related to -52 war;
- enceinte religieuse destinée aux banquets ; religious enclosure for banquets;
- œuvres d évergètisme de la part des rois arvernes ; works of public benefaction from the arvernes kings;
- temples, hémicycle laténien , mobilier monétaire et restes doffrandes (ossements animaux et amphores ). temples, hemicycle laténien, monetary furniture and remnants of offerings (animal bones and amphorae).
The Gauls are all the peoples protohistorical inhabitingGaul, as it was definedby Julius Caesar. Hormis les Aquitains , ils se rattachaient à la civilisation celtique , jusquà ce que les processus dacculturation liés aucommerce et à la conquête romaine, nen fassent des gallo-romains . Apart from the Aquitaine, they wereconnected with the Celtic civilization, until theacculturation processes related to trade and the Roman conquest, will forbearfrom Gallo-Roman.
Les Gaulois étaientcomposés de nombreux peuples qui se comprenaient, et pensaient descendre dunemême souche dont ils connaissaient la généalogie. The Gauls were composed of many peoples who understoodand believed descended from the same stock they knew the genealogy. À ces liens de filiation, réels ou mythiques, qui leurcréaient des obligations de solidarité, sajoutaient des alliances quimettaient certains dentre eux dans la clientèle dun autre pour former desfédérations comme celles des Arvernes et des Éduens . At theseparentage, real or mythical, that created their solidarity obligations, wereadded alliances that put some of them into customers of another to formfederations such as those of the Arverni and AEdui. Chacun de ces peuples étaitdivisé en civitates , identifiées par un chef-lieu et un territoire,appelé en latin pagus , lui-même subdivisé en vicus ,correspondant à peu près aux cantons, en France, par exemple. Each of these people was divided into civitates,identified by a capital officiel and a territory, known in Latin pagus, itselfdivided into vicus, corresponding roughly to the cantons in France, forexample.
Les civilisationsgauloises sont rattachées, en archéologie , pour lessentiel, à la civilisation celtique de La Tène (du nom dun site découvert au bord du lac de Neuchâtel , en Suisse). The Galliccivilizations are linked, in archeology, in the main, tothe Celtic civilization of La Tene (named after asite discovered on the shores of Lake Neuchatel,Switzerland). La civilisation de la Tènesépanouit sur le continent au Second âge du fer (Tène I), et disparut en Irlande durant le haut Moyen Âge (Tène IV). La Tenecivilization flourished on the continent to the Second Iron Age (La Tene I) anddisappeared in Ireland during thehigh Middle Ages (Tene IV).
The Celts (/ˈkɛlts/, occasionally /ˈsɛlts/, see pronunciation of Celtic) werepeople in Iron Age and Medieval Europe whospoke Celticlanguages and had cultural similarities, although the relationshipbetween ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remainsuncertain and controversial. The exact geographic spread of the ancient Celtsis also disputed; in particular, the ways in which the Iron Age inhabitants ofGreat Britain and Ireland should be regarded as Celts has become a subject ofcontroversy.
The history of pre-Celtic Europe remains very uncertain. According to one theory,the common root of the Celtic languages, a language known as Proto-Celtic, arose inthe Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture ofCentral Europe, which flourished from around 1200 BC. In addition, according toa theory proposed in the 19th century, the first people to adopt culturalcharacteristics regarded as Celtic were the people of the Iron Age Hallstattculture in central Europe (c. 800–450 BC), named for the richgrave finds in Hallstatt, Austria.Thus this area is sometimes called the Celtic homeland. By or during thelater La Tène period (c. 450 BC up to the Romanconquest), this Celtic culture was supposed to have expanded by diffusion or migration to the British Isles (Insular Celts), Franceand The LowCountries (Gauls), Bohemia, Polandand much of Central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula (Celtiberians, Celtici, Lusitanians and Gallaeci) and northern Italy (Golaseccans and Cisalpine Gauls) and,following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC,as far east as central Anatolia (Galatians).
Origins
The Celticlanguages form a branch of the larger Indo-European family. By the timespeakers of Celtic languages enter history around 400 BC, they were alreadysplit into several language groups, and spread over much of Western continentalEurope, the IberianPeninsula, Ireland and Britain.
Some scholars think that the Urnfield culture of WesternMiddle Europe representsan origin for the Celts as a distinct cultural branch of the Indo-Europeanfamily. This culture was preeminent in central Europe during the late Bronze Age, from c. 1200 BCuntil 700 BC, itself following the Unetice and Tumuluscultures. The Urnfield period saw a dramatic increase inpopulation in the region, probably due to innovations in technology and agriculturalpractices. The Greek historian Ephoros of Cyme inAsia Minor, writingin the 4th century BC, believed that the Celts came from the islands off themouth of the Rhine and were"driven from their homes by the frequency of wars and the violent risingof the sea".
